Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

  IPv6

IPv6 is the upgraded Internet Protocol, designed to meet the growing demand for IP addresses that IPv4 cannot handle due to its limited address space.

Key Features of IPv6:

  • 128-bit address space (2¹²⁸ possible addresses).
  • Written in hexadecimal, separated by colons (:).
  • Consists of 8 groups, each representing 2 bytes (16 bits).
  • Each hexadecimal digit equals 4 bits (1 nibble).
  • Groups are separated by a colon (:).



Need For IPv6

IPv6 was mainly introduced to solve IPv4 address depletion caused by the rapid growth of devices (especially IoT) and to improve efficiency, support multimedia, and enhance security. Key features include:

  1. Large Address Space: 128-bit addresses (vs 32-bit in IPv4) vastly increase available addresses.
  2. Better Header Format: Base header separated from optional fields, speeding up routing.
  3. New Options & Extensibility: Allows additional functionalities and future protocol extensions.
  4. Resource Allocation: New fields Traffic Class and Flow Label enable special handling for real-time audio/video.
  5. Enhanced Security: Built-in encryption and authentication ensure confidentiality and integrity.
  6. Addressing Methods: Supports Unicast, Multicast, and Anycast.

Address simplification:
Due to its length, IPv6 addresses can be shortened using two rules: 
Zero compression: A single sequence of consecutive zeros can be replaced by a double colon (::), but only once per address to avoid ambiguity. 
Leading zero omission: Leading zeros within a group can be omitted (e.g., $0db8$ becomes $db8$). 
Improved security:
IPv6 has built-in support for security protocols like IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), which provides authentication and encryption. 
Increased efficiency:
IPv6 simplifies packet headers, which can improve routing efficiency. 

Write the following masks in slash notation (In).

 a. 255.255.255.0

b. 255.0.0.0

c. 255.255.224.0

d. 255.255.240.0


An organization is granted the block 130.56.0.0/16. The administrator wants to create 1024 subnets.

a. Find the subnet mask.

b. Find the number of addresses in each subnet.

c. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 1.

d. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 1024


An organization is granted the block 211.17.180.0/24. The administrator wants to create 32 subnets. a. Find the subnet mask.

b. Find the number of addresses in each subnet.

c. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 1.

d. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 32.



Unicast

  • Definition: A one-to-one communication method where data is sent from a single source to a single destination.
  • Usage: Used for one-to-one communication like email, file transfers, and accessing a website.
  • Address: Uses a unique destination address for a specific device. 
Broadcast
  • Definition: A one-to-all communication method where a single source sends data to all devices on the same network segment.
  • Usage: Used for tasks like network discovery and DHCP requests (e.g., an IP address request).
  • Address: Uses a special broadcast address, and routers are typically configured not to forward broadcast packets beyond the local network. 
Multicast
  • Definition: A one-to-many communication method where a single source sends data to a specific group of multiple destinations that have registered to receive it.
  • Usage: Ideal for one-to-many scenarios such as video streaming or online gaming, which would be inefficient with unicast.
  • Address: Uses a special multicast address. Only the devices that are part of the specific group will process the data. 


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